Order ready-to-submit essays. No Plagiarism Guarantee!
Note: All our papers are written from scratch by human writers to ensure authenticity and originality.
PSY630 Rapid Review Example paper
Check before you submit. Get the Turnitin report your professor sees.
Get the exact same Turnitin report your professor uses. Join 50,000+ students who submitted their essays with confidence this semester.
Ibuprofen belongs to the larger class of drugs referred to as the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and also includes naproxen, aspirin, indomethacin and celecoxib, among others. Ibuprofen was chosen as a paper topic because of its’ widespread over-the-counter (OTC) use. Ibuprofen has, as the name NSAID suggests, anti-inflammatory effects making it useful in a wide variety of disorders where the inflammatory response needs to be suppressed. Relatedly, it is also an analgesic, partly due to its’ anti-inflammatory effect which is central to many disorders and injuries which cause pain, but also to a separate secondary mechanism which is poorly understood. It is also an anti-pyretic and useful for treating fever. Steroids also reduce inflammation; however they have a large number of broad side effects including immune-suppression which make NSAIDS like ibuprofen a better choice for many conditions. Ibuprofen and many other NSAIDs are also superior to aspirin in people allergic to aspirin and other salicylates (Atchinson, Herndon, & Rusie, 2013; Roda, Bagán, Soriano, & Romero, 2007).
Specific indications include: general relief of mild to moderate pain, menstrual pain, fever, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, headache, migraine, dental pain. It sees use across a wide variety of medical conditions and procedures.
Mechanism of Action
Ibuprofen and the other NSAIDs reduce the production of prostaglandins. These substances are produced by injured tissues or tissues inflamed by some type of immune response. Specifically, ibuprofen inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). However, COX has more
IBUPROFEN 3
than one form and is directly or indirectly involved in the activity of other biological processes producing a variety of side effects (Roda et al., 2007).
Dosage, Administration, Absorption, and Metabolism
Ibuprofen is administered by mouth, although rectal suppositories are available for those unable to swallow. The dose for an adult is 200-400mg three times daily for OTC use. Under medical supervision doses up to 800mg four times a day may be given. It is typically taken with food to avoid stomach upset. After being taken ibuprofen enters the bloodstream in about 30 minutes reaching its peak in 1-2 hours. It has a half-life of around 2 hours. After first pass metabolism it has a bio-availability of 80% and is 99% plasma bound. Its two inactive metabolites are excreted by the kidneys (Blondell, Azadfard & Wisniewski, 2013; Roda et al., 2007), making health kidney function very important to use this drug safely.
Side Effects and Contraindications
Because ibuprofen inhibits the COX enzyme it also interferes with blood clotting and functions of the gastrointestinal tract. The primary side effects of ibuprofen are gastric upset occasionally leading to ulcer with long term use. There is some risk of bleeding, especially for those with a history of bleeding disorders or about to undergo a surgical procedure. Kidney damage has also been reported. As with many drugs these side effects are linked to the dosage involved and the length of use (Blondell, Azadfard & Wisniewski, 2013; Conaghan, 2012; Roda et al., 2007).
Other reported but fairly rare side effects include: headache, dizziness, sleepiness, fatigue, ringing in the ears, changes in vision, rash, sun sensitivity, sweating, dry mouth, constipation, diarrhea, flatulence, painful urination, increased menstrual bleeding, altered blood count, bone marrow depression, shortness of breath, coughing blood, runny nose, hype……………….
