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in exchange was affected by a number of factors, which he called canons. It’s interesting how connected Resher was in 1966 with Aristotle of the 3nd century B.C.E. I
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use this example to demonstrate how slowly some thoughts move within cultures and across time. It shows that there are some thoughts worth holding on to. And that
explains why we credit the ancient Greeks with some of our modern, legal thoughts. Here are Resher’s canons.
Resher’s List
? Canon of equality ? Canon of need ? Canon of ability and/or achievement ? Canon of effort ? Canon of productivity ? Canon of supply and demand ? Canon of social
utility
Activity
Using Resher’s list of canons of economic justice, develop a strategy for future gasoline prices in the United States.
Next in the list of contributors is ancient Rome. And we start our story with a man who best resembles the sheer determination of the Roman spirit: the spirit that
drove a people to become a great empire.
Ancient Roman Influence
Gaius Mucius Scaevola became famous for doing something that most people would not consider doing. During a war between Rome and Clusium, in 508 B.C.E., Gaius Mucius
was sent to assassinate Porsena, the Clusian king. Due to a misidentification, Gaius killed Porsena’s scribe and not Porsena. Caught immediately, Gaius surprises his
captors by expressing his full allegiance to Rome, and his readiness to die as a true patriot.
To make sure he had their attention he put his right hand in a nearby
fire, and held it there without showing any reaction to the pain he must have suffered. The action earned him the name “Scaevola,” which means left-handed. Porsena
sent him home and soon after sued for peace. I use this example to show a distinction between Greece under Alexander and Rome under the Caesars. Greece shows us how
beautiful our minds are: how that reason can win the day, when force of arms would forever cause friction. But being nice has not always won the day.
Although Greek
philosophy is certainly useful, and it does indicate that for some the world can be a better place; Rome’s iron fist created order and maintained it: allowing Roman
law to flourish, and to be transported across its entire length and breadth. Throughout Roman history we see Rome’s strategy of assimilating the peoples it conquered,
and to a great extent allowing them to continue to function as they once did; while also being subject to Roman law, where rebellion was not tolerated. Had Alexander
lived longer, he might have exerted Greek law into all the lands he conquered, but there does not seem to be an indication that he would have pursued that goal. I
don’t wish to contest “what might have happened,” but only to make a point that Greece and Rome were different at the core. Rome’s early stages of development are
illustrated in The Twelve Tables.
And they give us a unique perspective on how agrarian societies developed into city-states and then graduated to a collection of
city-states and then grew into regional powers: accessing other regions until the nation would grow as far as they could manage. There seems to be a principle in
national growth, where grow is constrained by how effective government is in maintaining order. If a nation cannot maintain an even management of law across each new
territory and over each new people group, then access
