EUROPE CHAPTER 6 ~ PART 2

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EUROPE CHAPTER 6 ~ PART 2

THE WAR IS OVER!

POST WORLD WAR II GERMANY

MARSHALL PLAN (1947)

 European Recovery Program (ERP)

 The 4-year plan was funded at $13 billion in 1947$ ($110 billion in 2016$)

 Funding began in April 1948

 Offered to all WWII combatant countries including the Soviet Union

 18 countries received benefits: UK (26%), France (18%), West Germany (11%) receiving the most money

ORGANIZATION OF EUROPEAN ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION (1948)

 This organization was founded to administer American and Canadian aid for the reconstruction of Europe

 Following the expiration of the Marshall Plan funding the OEEC provided a framework for negotiating a European Free Trade Area (EFTA) and setting up the European Nuclear Energy Agency

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO)

 NATO was founded in 1949 as a collective defense of Western European nations against Soviet aggression

 This issue was highlighted when Czechoslovakia followed the other Eastern European counties by establishing a Communist government

 Initial founding members were: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, United Kingdom, United States

 There are currently 29 member states

EUROPE ~ NATO MEMBERSHIP

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WARSAW PACT

 The Warsaw Pact was the Soviet response to NATO when West Germany was allowed to join in 1955

 Formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance

 Members included: Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union

 Hungary withdrew in 1956 prompting a Soviet invasion to remove the government

 Czechoslovakia was invaded by Warsaw Pact forces in August 1968

WAR GAMES

SUPRANATIONALISM

 Benelux (1944) – Benelux Union

 Council of Europe (1949)

 European Coal and Steel Community – ECSC (1951)

 Treaty of Rome creates European Economic Community – EEC (1957)

 European Community – EC (1967)

 Single Market debut; EC becomes European Union (1993)

 Economic and Monetary Union (1999)

 Euro becomes national currency for 12 EU nations in 2002

BENELUX UNION (1944)

 Originally a customs union between Belgium and Luxembourg founded in 1921

 The Netherlands joined in 1944 creating BeNeLux

 This agreement allowed free movement of goods, labor and capital between the three countries

 The BENELUX Union joined the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951

COUNCIL OF EUROPE (1949)

 An organization supporting co-operation between European countries on the following issues:

 Human rights

 Democratic government

 Legal standards

 The rule of law

 Operates the European Court of Human Rights

 Headquartered in Strasbourg, France

 Currently has 47 members (pop: 820 million people)

 Official languages are English and French

EUROPEAN COAL AND STEEL COMMUNITY (1952)

 Created by the Treaty of Paris in 1951

 Six members: France, West Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg and Italy

 Eliminated tariffs and duties on coal, iron and steel within the ECSC

 Purpose was to prevent future wars between France and Germany

 “Common Assembly” legislature was the forerunner of the European Parliament

EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (1958)

 Created by the Treaty of Rome in 1957

 The six-member ECSC moved into wider economic cooperation

 Widely known as the Common Market

 First big accomplishment was the Common Agricultural Policy dealing with farm product prices in 1962

 EEC becomes the European Community in 1967

 All tariff duties removed on intra-EC trade and common external tariffs set in 1968

EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION (1960)

 Created by the Stockholm Convention in 1959 to serve as a counterweight to the EEC

 Members included: Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom

 The UK and Denmark join the EC in 1973

 Portugal joins the EC in 1986

 Austria and Sweden join the EU in 1995

 Current members: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland

THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY (1967) BECOMES THE EU IN 1993

 The original 6 members (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and The Netherlands) seek to enlarge the membership

 Denmark, Ireland and the UK admitted in 1973 (9)

 Greece admitted in 1981 (10)

 Spain and Portugal admitted in 1986 (12)

 Austria, Finland and Sweden admitted in 1995 (15)

CRITERIA FOR EU MEMBERSHIP

 In 1993 the conditions for EU membership were explicitly disclosed:

 Stable democratic institutions

 The rule of law

 Respect for human rights

 Respect and protection for minorities

 A functioning market economy

 The capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the union

MORE MEMBERS JOIN

 10 more members (Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia) admitted in 2004 (25)

 Romania and Bulgaria admitted in 2007 (27)

 Croatia admitted in 2013 (28)

 Albania, Iceland, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia & Turkey are in negotiations to join the EU

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

THE SINGLE MARKET

 Created by the Maastricht Treaty in 1992

 Became operational in 1993

 EC becomes European Union

 Established the Four Freedoms of the EU: the free movement of goods, capital, services, and people within member states

 Intended to unite the economies of the EU members into a single European economy

 Set the foundation for the adoption of the Euro currency

ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION

 All EU members belong to the EMU

 In 1998:

 The European Central Bank was created to print money and regulate interest rates

 11 of the then 15 members agreed to adopt a single currency and abandon their own money supplies

 The Euro was officially launched on January 1, 1999, as an accounting currency for trade and exchange

 Euro banknotes and coins were issued on January 1, 2002 – all old currencies were withdrawn from use

 Currently 19 of the 28 members use the Euro

STRASBOURG: SYMBOL OF A UNITED EUROPE

 Themes and concepts illustrated in this video:  Supranationalism

 European Union

 European Parliament

 Council of Europe

 Relative Location

 The Euro

STRASBOURG

 What does the name “Strasbourg” mean?

 Why was Strasbourg selected as the headquarters for the European Parliament?

 What is the Council of Europe?

 What is the typical path to membership in the European Union?

 What are the advantages of being a member?

 What are the disadvantages of being a member?

Strasbourg

EUROZONE (19 COUNTRIES)

 2002—12 EU countries (UK, Denmark, and Sweden staying out)

 2007—Slovenia

 2008—Cyprus and Malta

 2009—Slovakia

 2011—Estonia

 2014—Latvia

 2015—Lithuania

EURO CRISIS

EURO CRISIS

 The world recession beginning in 2008 caused financial disruption in Europe

 Some member states had massive budget deficits and large debts

 Government debt crises:

 Greece required a bailout in 2008

 Ireland and Portugal in 2011

 Greece needed a 2nd bailout in 2012 and a 3rd in 2015

 Bank debt crises:

 Spain needed €100 billion in 2012

 Cyprus needed €10 billion in 2013

SLOVAKIA: NEW SOVEREIGNTY

 Themes and concepts illustrated in this video:  Devolution

 Delimiting borders between states

 Slovakia-Hungarian conflicts:  Dam construction and water diversion on the

Danube

 Hungarian irredentism

 Gypsies

SLOVAKIA

 What major event in Europe allowed Czechoslovakia to consider separating into two countries?

 Who actually decided to break up Czechoslovakia?

 Were the people allowed to vote on separation?

 When did the separation occur?

 What complications arose when defining the border?

 How did the Hungarians living in the new Slovak Republic feel about the separation?

 What group is often the scapegoat for social problems in this part of Europe?

CATALONIA

DEVOLUTION IN SPAIN

SEEKING AUTONOMY

SCOTTISH INDEPENDENCE REFERENDUM (9/18/2014)

 England and Scotland united together under the Acts of Union in 1707

 Population:

 U.K. – 63.2 million

 England – 53 million

 Scotland – 5.3 million

 Wales – 3.1 million

 Northern Ireland – 1.8 million

JUNE 23, 2016

COLD WAR EUROPE (1946-1989)

POST WORLD WAR II GERMANY

THE BERLIN WALL

 Officially known as the “Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart”

 Over 3.5 million East Germans escaped to the west through Berlin by 1961

 Soviet officials wanted this route closed

 Construction began on August 13, 1961 by GDR workers

 This date is known as “Barbed Wi