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CHAPTER 6: COGNITION: THINKING and INTELLIGENCE
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Cognition: the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
“mental activity. . .processing information (organizing, understanding, communicating)” (Ciccarelli & White, 2015, p. 262).
Concepts and prototypes and schemas
Concepts are mental representations of objects, events, activities
Prototypes are the closest fit to concepts
Concepts are compared via prototypes
Schemas are created from concepts and prototypes
Schemas are organized, predictable, and reliable concepts and prototypes
Piaget’s Cognitive development theory (pp. 282-289)
1. Sensorimotor stage. Birth to 2 years. Use and organize senses and movement (brain and body interconnected). Six sub-stages.
2. Preoperational stage. 2 to 7 years. The child uses words and images to represent objects in the world. “Does it through”—unable to think or “think it through”. Pretend to reality through observation and responsibility. Two sub-stages.
3. Concrete operational stage. 7 to 11 years. Children can classify objects into different groups. Centration and conservation.
4. Formal operational stage. 12 and on (frontal lobe by 25). Development and refinement of abstract thoughts, logic, and critical thinking. Wide spectrums of thought—multiple perspectives for multiple contexts.
Vygotsky: scaffolding and independence “zones of proximal development”
Thinking: the mental manipulation of representations of information encountered in environments
Page 229 as well (solve problems, make decisions, and make judgements)
Representations:
Analogous (pictures, includes characteristics)
or
Symbolic (words, abstract, intrinsically unrelated, related through nurture)
Thinking has three goals: reasoning, decision making, and problem solving
Thinking comes in two basic types: book calls them “solution strategies”
Algorithms lead to more effective reasoning, decision making, and problem solving but take time to process (p. 233)
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi developed the idea of an algorithm in mathematics
Example: Problem Solving Algorithm (Canvas)
Obstacles to algorithmic thinking:
Cognitive distortions (Canvas)
Linguistic determinism (“bird” but do not know bird)
Fixation and functional fixedness (p. 231)
The USES test
Heuristics create less effective reasoning, decision making, and problem solving yet limits time involvement (p. 234)
“a simple rule that is intended to apply to many situations”
(Ciccarelli & White, 2015,p. 267)
There are six at this time:
Availability Heuristic (p. 242)
Anchoring Heuristic (p. 235)
Simulation Heuristic
Representativeness Heuristic (pp. 240-241)
Working backward (p. 236)
Means-end analysis (p. 236)
Intelligence
Definitions:
ability to learn from and remember experience
ability to adapt (time, place, person, problem)
ability integrate new information into existing information
ability to acquire and use knowledge to reason, make decisions and problem solve
ability to use resources effectively
Assessing and measuring intelligence
Can some learn faster and more successfully than others?
Aptitude and Achievement tests
Binet and why IQ is starts to become meaningless after 16
1945 IQ
Reliability and Validity and Standardization (pp. 253-255)
Multiple theories about Multiple Intelligences:
“creative, divergent thinking if often a neglected topic in the education of young people” (Sternberg, R.)
Gardner, H. (pp. 257-258)
Multiple Intelligences
Nine and tenth on the way (Canvas)
Sternberg, R.
Triarchic
Analytical, Practical, and Creative
Divergent thinking (multiple answers)
Five parts of creativity
Csikszentmihalyi
Salovey & Mayer/Goleman (Canvas)
Emotional Intelligence
In self and, in part, others
label or recognize emotion
understand or attribute emotion
modulate or manage emotion
effectively express emotion in C and B
Dweck file; Roosevelt quote; http://mindsetonline.com/testyourmindset/step1.php
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence (pp. 259-260)
Nurture/Nature: Early environmental influences along with the bloom and prune effect and neural networks
a note on “race”
Nurture: Schooling may lead to intelligence
Nature: Heritability appears to be about 40% although some ethologists claim up to 70%
