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Discuss and define the rise of Christianity and the new political structure and cultural changes it brought in the late Roman Empire and distinguish between emperors who persecuted Christians and those who embraced Christianity and the changes that Christianity brought. 2.Examine encounters between the various Germanic tribes and the Roman Empire. 3.Summarize the rise of Byzantine and discuss examples of Byzantine literature, historians, and scientists. 4.Discuss the evolution of the Roman Catholic Church and the role of the pope and how these evolved over time. 5.Differentiate between the Eastern and Western churches including iconography, doctrine and affect of geography on the rise of the Byzantine Empire and religious practices such as pilgrimage. 6.Discuss the development of Islam and define its tenets and what impact Islam had on the boundaries and borders of the Middle East and Europe. 7.Evaluate the changes in the late Roman Empire in terms of political, economic, and social factors. 8.Examine the development of the eastern and western halves of the Roman Empire and define the influences on each. 9.Discuss important emperors from late antiquity and the impact they had on law, religion, and other aspects of social, political, and economic development. 10. Define the characteristics of the middle ages and the three civilizations this involved. Written LectureUnit IV covers Chapters 7 and 8 and begins with the late antiquity period of the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire shifted in terms of its political structure from imperialism to a tetrarchy. Growth of Christianity was first met with resistance by Roman emperors, who persecuted the Christians. Later emperors, such as Constantine and Justinian, embraced Christianity and even converted to it. Christianity began to develop its own infrastructure, including the use of bishops, development of the papacy, and rise of monasticism. Religious relics encouraged the Christian practice of taking pilgrimages. As Christianity spread, new communities developed with their own distinct practices, languages, and interpretations of church doctrine. Communities such as the Ascetic, Monophysites, Chalcedonians, and Arians are a few examples of these new groups. Rapid growth in the eastern Roman Empire demanded a second capital city to govern this region. The new eastern capital, named Constantinople, later grew into Byzantium. While Latin continued as the dominant language in the Western Reading AssignmentChapter 7: Late Antiquity: The Age of New Boundaries, 250-600Chapter 8: Medieval Empires and Borderlands: Byzantium and IslamSupplemental Reading See information below. Key Terms1.Digenes Akritas2.Dirham3.Exarchates4.Jizya5.Late Antiquity 6.Macedonian Renaissance 7.Metropolitan8.Monastic movement 9.Neoplatonism 10. Vulgate
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HY 1010, Western Civilization I 2 half of the empire, Greek became the dominant language of Byzantium, and Byzantium Christianity became known as Orthodox Christianity. While Constantinople grew and expanded in the east, the Western Roman Empire experienced more attacks on its borders by various peoples, including the Germanic tribes .These attacks gradually eroded the borders and resulted in the downfall of the Roman Empire. Chapter 8 examines the rise of the medieval or Middle Ages. The term “middle ages” defined this period as being between the ancient and modern periods. This period saw the continued growth of Byzantium and the birth of Islam. Byzantium would encounter other peoples as it experienced attacks along its borders. These people included the Lombards, Avars, Bulgars, Rus, and Muslims. The growth of Byzantine caused a re-structuring of the military system, including the creation of military districts known as themes to replace the provinces of the old Roman system. The chapter also discusses how Orthodox Christianity further distinguished itself from the eastern Catholic Church with the issue of iconoclasm. In Eastern Europe, religion became a cause of disunity just as language and ethnicity had been in the past. In Byzantine, a recurring theme emerged regarding the political idea of divine monarchy. Next, Chapter 8 examines the rise of Islam and the experiences of Muhammad, the Qur’an and the five pillars which define this religion. The chapter also discusses the relationship between Christians, Jews, and Muslims. Trade and commerce grew along with Islam in the east and the Muslims excluded the Byzantines from trade. Chapter 8 also examines the Islamic leadership known as the caliphate and the various dynasties such as the Umayyad and Abbasid. Pakistan, India, Nubia, and others fell to Islamic armies. Islam developed a new professional bureaucracy and administrative system. Islamic culture centered on the mosque and consequently Greco-Roman culture disappeared. Supplemental Reading 1.Go to http://www.jstor.org/and search for the four articles dealing with the Arch of Constantine. These articles are written by A.L. Frothingham and they can provide some interesting information into this large structure in Rome. The author examines the origins of the arch and who built it, using the clues supplied in the decorations adorning the arch itself. Frothingham, A.L. (1912). Who built the arch of Constantine? Its history from Domitian to Constantine. American Journal of Archaeology, 16, 3, 368-386. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/Frothingham, A.L. (1913). Who built the arch of Constantine? II: The frieze. American Journal of Archaeology, 17, 4, 487-503. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/Frothingham, A.L. (1915). Who built the arch of Constantine? III. The attic. American Journal of Archaeology, 19, 1, 1-12. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/Frothingham, A.L. (1915). Who built the arch of Constantine? IV. The eight medallions of Domitian. American Journal of Archaeology, 19, 4, 367-384. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/2.Go to http://www.jstor.org/and search for the article The Edict of Diocletian Fixing Maximum Prices by Roland Kent. Look at how the Empe
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